Water Balloons!

A few days ago, my brother sent me an email with a slow-motion movie of a water balloon being popped in zero gravity.  This led me to searching for all sorts of slow-motion water balloon movies, which I have now collected here.

I hope you enjoy them…

0. Entire Sets of Movies can be found at http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/balloon/blob.htm

1. Water Balloon Popped in Zero Gravity
(From paintthebox on YouTube)

2. Water Balloon Not Popping
(From LucidMovement on YouTube)

3. Water Balloon Popping in Slow Motion
(From aaron20o6 on YouTube)
I really like how the balloon itself peels away and sprays a thin layer of water due to the surface tension.  The entire mass of water then slowly begins to fall under its weight.

4. More Slow Motion Popping (80 times slower)
(From fotzenknecht123 on YouTube)

5. Another Slow-Motion Pop
(From tomatoface on YouTube)

6. A Guy Punches a Water Balloon in Slow Motion
(from mikedpirone on YouTube)

7. This Guy Takes it in the Head!

The resulting sheet of water is gorgeous!
(from askquestions on YouTube)

Posted under Fun, Photography, Physics, Space

This post was written by drknuth on September 16, 2007

MaxEnt 2007

Friday marked the closing session of the 27th International Workshop on Bayesian and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering (MaxEnt 2007).  I had the great pleasure to host this year’s meeting in the lovely city of Saratoga Springs.  We had approximately 100 participants from almost 25 countries spanning all six of the populated continents!

This year marked the 50th anniversary of Ed Jaynes’ ground-breaking 1957 paper “Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics” where he introduces the idea that Statistical Mechanics is an Inferential Theory.  This paper led to the concept of Maximum Entropy, which is used to assign priors in Bayesian Probability Theory, but also, was shown by Adom Giffin at this meeting to be consistent with Bayesian learning.

I was very pleased to have had a distinguished array of invited speakers including: Shun-ichi Amari (RIKEN, JAPAN), Jose M. Bernardo (Universitat de Valencia, SPAIN), Tony Bell (Redwood Neuroscience Institute, USA), Philip Goyal (Perimeter Institute, CANADA), Phil Gregory (University of British Columbia, CANADA), and Stephen Roberts (Oxford, UK).  I will blog over the next few days about some of the ideas that were presented at this meeting.

I also was extremely pleased with the Tutorials, which were presented by John Skilling, Jose Bernardo, Ariel Caticha, Carlos Rodriguez, and myself.  They dealt heavily with the foundations of probability theory and connected heavily with information theory, geometry, and order theory.  Rather than being traditional tutorials, he majority of these talk presented new ideas and new results!

Every year the MaxEnt meeting takes on its own personality.  In 2005 in San Jose, the focus was on sampling methods, and I was pleased to have John Skilling’s contribution on Nested Sampling in my volume.  This year, the focus was on the Foundations of Probability Theory, Information Geometry, Entropy and Bayes, Lattices and Measures, Levels and Loops, Information and Physics, and Quantum Mechanics.  The 2007 Proceedings Volume will contain a large number of cutting-edge papers on these exciting topics.  The collective atmosphere of the meeting seemed to indicate that this community is close to making some exciting breakthroughs.

Many of us at the meeting, myself included, were extremely disappointed by the fact that some individuals were unable to attend due to visa problems.  One such individual, who has been prominent in our community, was denied entry due to the fact that he had a dual French-Iranian citizenship.  These policies enacted by our politicians are as damaging to the scientific community and the advances that we work to provide for humanity, as they are to the individuals and their well-being.  It is high time that our nations stop acting like children.

Next year, MaxEnt 2008 will be hosted by Julio M. Stern on the beaches near Sao Paolo BRAZIL.  MaxEnt 2009 will be hosted by Paul Goggans in University, Mississippi USA, and MaxEnt 2010 will be held in Grenoble FRANCE.

Kevin Knuth
Albany NY

Posted under Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics, Probability, Research

This post was written by drknuth on July 14, 2007

Building Lego Robots with Java Brains

I finally received my long-awaited copy of Maximum Lego NXT: Building Robots with Java Brains by Brian Bagnall.  I was pleased to see that in addition to the in-depth discussions regarding writing code for these robots in Java, that there were also some interesting projects.

Sojourner prototype showing Rocker-Bogie Suspension

My favorite was the Lego implementation of the Rocker-Bogie suspension, which was used in the Mars Sojourner rover, as well as Spirit and Opportunity.  Note that the figure above is a prototype of Sojourner, which exhibits the Rocker-Bogie suspension.  I am looking forward to building it and learning how it works.

You can buy the book at Amazon.com here…

Kevin Knuth
Albany NY

Posted under Exploration, Fun, Intelligent Systems, Lego, NXT, Physics, Research

This post was written by drknuth on May 18, 2007

Plastic Sheet Delivers Power

Nature Materials annouced that Takao Someya’s research group at the University of Tokyo in Japan developed a plastic sheet that can deliver power by electromagnetic induction.  This sheet utilizes an ingenious combination of solid state physics, organic chemistry, and nanoscience.

 The plastic sheet, nearly a millimeter thick, can deliver up to 40 Watts of power to receivers that have a special receiving coil.  The power transfer is 81.4% efficient compared to the 93% efficiency of a wired power system.  The sheet has as its base a layer of transistors that vary the conductivity of the organic molecule pentacene.  The upper layers have microscopic copper coils that sense when a receiver is nearby.  These copper coils can switch on nearby micromechanical-machine (MEM) switches that then deliver power to the device via induction.

Plastic Sheet Powers LED

 The picture above shows the sheet below a goldfish bowl in which is a live goldfish and an LED, which is being powered by the sheet.

“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic” — Isaac Asimov

Sekitani T., et al. Nature Materials, advance online publication; doi:10.1038/nmat1903 (2007).  

Kevin Knuth
Albany NY

Posted under Energy, Entrepreneurship, Inventions, Nanoscience, Physics, Research

This post was written by drknuth on May 1, 2007

Burning Pieces of Space Junk Just Miss Airliner

And now for the unforeseen…

A Russian satellite deorbited last night and narrowly missed a LanChile Airbus A340 travelling between Santiago, Chile and Aukland, New Zealand.  The pilot radioed air traffic control at Auckland Oceanic Centre and reported flaming space junk re-entering both in front and behind his plane at a distance of five nautical miles.  The pilot reported that the supersonic roar of the space junk could be heard over the engines of the jet aircraft. 

The Russian authorities had notified Airways New Zealand that the satellite would be re-entering between 10:30 AM and 12:00 NZ time.  However, the satellite deorbited early.

More info here at thewest.com.au, and at SPACE.com

Jettisoned Rocket Stage

Space junk is a continually growing problem.  Since the launch of the first satellite Sputnik on October 4th, 1957 more than 4200 launches have carried 5500 objects into orbit.  It consists of a wide variety of objects that range from parts to entire abandoned satellites.  At the smallest scales space junk includes paint chips and nuts and bolts, and at the largest scales space junk includes jettisoned rocket stages (like the one in the figure above), solar panels, and satellites (like the one that almost hit this jet airliner).  The smaller pieces burn up in the atmosphere on re-entry.  But the largest ones can make it to the surface, and do so with speeds on the order of 22,000 mi/hr.

Impact with fast moving objects can be deadly.  BBC Science and Nature reports that a 1mm metal chip can do as much damage as a .22 caliber long rifle bullet.  A tennis-ball sized piece of metal carries in kinetic energy the equivalent of 25 sticks of dynamite.  This is because the kinetic energy increases with the velocity squared while it is only linearly proportional to the mass:

KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2

That means that if you double the mass m, you only double the Kinetic Energy; whereas if you double the velocity v you quadruple the amount of Kinetic Energy.  Squaring 22,000 mi/hr gives you a very big number!  This is the same reason why a car accident at 70 mi/hr is so much worse than a car accident at 55 mi/hr.  Note that 55^2 = 3025 whereas 70^2 = 4900, which for the same mass means that increasing from 55 mi/hr to 70 mi/hr increases the energy by a whopping 62%.

Concerns have been growing about space junk, and just last month, the New York Times had an article on the topic.  Apparently, the Space Shuttle had been returning with hundreds of dings from collisions with space junk [RedOrbit 2003].  USSPACECOM has been tracking about 9000 objects larger than baseballs, but is unable to track anything smaller.  Meanwhile the European Space Operations Center has its own tracking capabilities.

A glove escapes from the hatch during an Apollo mission

Although space is a great place to store garbage—as long as it is in a well-defined and stable orbit.  And wouldn’t that be a future archeologist’s dream!  Imagine finding this glove (in the figure above) during an archeological expedition in 2783.

Kevin Knuth
Albany NY

Posted under Exploration, Physics, Space

This post was written by drknuth on March 28, 2007